Training the Concept of Innovate in Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Is Both Creative and Cognitively Stimulating.

Creative or novel behaviors in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can be indicators of flexible thinking and problem solving. Over 50 years ago, two rough-tooth dolphins demonstrated creative novel behaviors acquired through reinforcement training in human care. Since this novel training, a variety of species have been trained to respond to this conceptual cue. The current study assessed the creativity of 12 bottlenose dolphins (5 females, 7 males) housed at the Roatan Institute for Marine Sciences (RIMS) in Roatan, Honduras. Individual differences were found across four constructs measured for creativity: fluency, flexibility, elaboration, and originality. Variability in performance occurred across test sessions. Animals with less experience with this task performed fewer "innovative" behaviors as compared to more experienced animals. Despite errors, dolphins continued to attempt the task during test sessions, suggesting the concept of "innovate" was intrinsically rewarding and cognitively engaging. This task may be utilized across species to promote the comparative study of innovative or creative behavior as well as to promote cognitive welfare.

Predictors of Reading Development Among School-Age Bilingual Children With Developmental Language Disorder: A Scoping Review.

PURPOSE: Systematic reviews of bilingual children's reading development are very limited, and none of which solely focus on predictors of reading difficulties among those with developmental language disorder (DLD). The present scoping review fills an important need by analyzing the recent research literature on the reading outcomes of bilingual children with DLD. Specifically, this study aims to identify predictors of reading difficulties among bilingual children with DLD to improve early identification. METHOD: The search parameters used in this scoping review included peer-reviewed journal articles written in English from 2000 to 2022 in order to synthesize the most recent empirical work, a focus on early childhood through early adolescent (pre-K to eighth grade) bilinguals with DLD, and research designs that included case study, descriptive, cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, longitudinal, and qualitative methods. RESULTS: The present review yielded nine articles, which all examined the predictive validity of either a measure or task with the ultimate goal of improving early identification of reading difficulties. Significant predictors of reading difficulties, such as rapid naming and blending in first language (L1), were found to aid in identifying bilingual children who have DLD. CONCLUSIONS: To conclude, this review demonstrates that this is a highly under-researched topic. To have ended up including only nine articles that fit the criteria of our search reveals a large gap in the research and a limitation of this review.

Presencia de nidos y frutos asociados a Lutzomyia en la Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu - Parque Nacional Manu, Madre de Dios, 2018 / Presence of nests and fruits associated with Lutzomyia in the Cocha Cashu Biological Station - Manu National Park, Madre de Dios, 2018

Introducción: La Leishmaniasis es una enfermedad parasitaria zoonótica de alta prevalencia en regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. En la selva peruana aún no se ha podido establecer con claridad los hospederos. Para poder entender la dinámica de la enfermedad es necesario conocer la dinámica de Lutzomyia silvestre y antropofílicas, sus hábitos y comportamiento. En este escenario, el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue observar la presencia de Lutzomyia sp asociados a nidos y frutos en la Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal donde se evaluó la asociación entre la presencia de adultos de Lutzomyia y la presencia de nidos y frutos disponibles en el suelo en la Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu (EBCC) durante noviembre 2018. La evaluación de la presencia de Lutzomyia se realizó cada 25m de trocha recorrida iniciando desde los edificios de la EBCC en el horario de 8:00-13:00 horas. Además, se realizaron capturas de mosquitos con un único aspirador manual y se identificaron con claves taxonómicas. Resultados: Se utilizó un aspirador manual con el cual se realizaron 955 inspecciones en las cuales se encontró Lutzomyia en el 14,8% (n = 141), estando presente 125% más veces en trochas con nidos (PR: 2,25, IC95%: 1,59 - 3,19) y 70% en trochas con frutos (PR: 1,7, IC95%: 1,21 ­ 2,39). Conclusiones: Durante noviembre 2018, la presencia de Lutzomyia en las trochas de la Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu (EBCC) fue de 14,8% (n=141). Asimismo, la presencia de nidos y frutos incrementan las probabilidades de hallar Lutzomyia en las trochas de la EBCC.

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease of high prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the Peruvian jungle, hosts have not yet been clearly established. In order to understand the dynamics of the disease it is necessary to know the dynamics of wild and anthropophilic Lutzomyia, their habits and behavior. The objective of our study was to determine if the presence of Lutzomyia sp was associated with nests and fruits at the Cocha Cashu Biological Station. Material and Methods: Across-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the association between the presence of Lutzomyia adults and the presence of nests and fruits available on the ground at Cocha Cashu Biological Station (EBCC) during November 2018. The evaluation of the presence of Lutzomyiawascarriedoutevery25mofwalking distance starting from the EBCC buildings at 8:00-13:00 hours. In addition, mosquitoes were captured with a single manual aspirator and identified with taxonomic keys. Results: Amanual aspirator was used to perform 955 inspections in which Lutzomyia was found in 14.8% (n = 141), being present 125% more times in trails with nests (PR: 2.25, IC95%: 1.59 - 3.19) and 70% in trails with fruits (PR: 1.7, IC95%: 1.21 - 2.39). Conclusions: During November 2018, the presence of Lutzomyia on the trails of the Cocha Cashu Biological Station (EBCC) was 14.8% (n=141). Likewise, the presence of nests and fruits increases the probability of finding Lutzomyia in the trails of the EBCC.

Diagnosis and management of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to cephalosporins.

Cephalosporins are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics. Immediate IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with use of a specific cephalosporin, as a cross-reaction between different cephalosporins or as a cross-reaction to other ß-lactam antibiotics, namely, penicillin. Historically, frequent reports of anaphylaxis following administration of first- and second-generation cephalosporins to patients with a history of penicillin allergy led to the belief of a high degree of allergic cross-reactivity. More recent evidence reveals a significantly lower risk of cross-reactivity between penicillins and the newer-generation cephalosporins. The current thought is that a shared side chain, rather than the ß-lactam ring structure, is the determining factor in immunologic cross-reactivity. Understanding the chemical structure of these agents has allowed us to identify the allergenic determinants for penicillin; however, the exact allergenic determinants of cephalosporins are less well understood. For this reason, standardized diagnostic skin testing is not available for cephalosporins as it is for penicillin. Nevertheless, skin testing to the cephalosporin in question, using a nonirritating concentration, provides additional information, which can further guide the work-up of a patient suspected of having an allergy to that drug. Together, the history and the skin test results can assist the allergist in the decision to recommend continued drug avoidance or to perform a graded challenge versus an induction of tolerance procedure.